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Research Library

Read what researchers wanted to find out and what it means in everyday words. Open the details if you want to see how a study was done. The product pages have a shorter explanation.

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

25 studies found

Research context

What happened after the initial weight loss?

Adults with obesity or overweight, without diabetes, who completed the initial phase.

What did they want to find out?

What happens to weight when the intervention continues or is replaced with placebo?

What did researchers observe?

Weight continued falling on average with continuation and rose after the placebo switch.

What does this mean for you?

Lost weight can return; the finding describes maintenance under trial conditions.

What we still do not know

These percentages start at week 20, not the original weight. They do not tell an individual what to do.

Show study details

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial

JAMA · 2021

How it was studied

Double-blind randomized withdrawal trial; 20-week initial phase followed by a 48-week comparison.. 803 adults without diabetes, selected from 902 who entered the initial phase..

Study finding

From week 20, weight changed −7.9% with continuation and +6.9% after switching to placebo; both groups had lifestyle support.

Study limitations

Selected people who tolerated the initial phase. Gastrointestinal symptoms were common; this does not represent everyone starting treatment.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Domenica Rubino, Niclas Abrahamsson, Melanie Davies, Dan Hesse, Frank L. Greenway, Camilla Jensen, Ildiko Lingvay, Ofri Mosenzon, Julio Rosenstock, Miguel A. Rubio, Gottfried Rudofsky, Sayeh Tadayon, Thomas A. Wadden, Dror Dicker
Funding and involvement
Novo Nordisk A/S; involved in design, analysis and manuscript preparation, with no declared publication veto.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
Authors disclosed Novo Nordisk employment, shares, fees or support. This is not independent confirmation of the manufacturer.

Terms explained

Randomized withdrawal
After an initial phase, chance decides who continues and who switches to placebo.
Placebo
An intervention without the active ingredient, used for comparison.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

The heart result: who participated matters

People with existing cardiovascular disease, not randomly selected healthy visitors.

What did they want to find out?

Were further major cardiovascular events reduced compared with placebo?

What did researchers observe?

There were fewer events of the combined outcome with semaglutide.

What does this mean for you?

6.5% versus 8.0% means a 1.5-percentage-point difference in this population and period.

What we still do not know

A benefit is not universal protection or an absence of adverse effects.

Show study details

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes

The New England Journal of Medicine · 2023

How it was studied

Multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.. 17,604 adults aged 45 or older with existing cardiovascular disease and overweight/obesity, without diabetes..

Study finding

The combined cardiovascular outcome occurred in 6.5% versus 8.0% with placebo over roughly 40 months of follow-up.

Study limitations

Did not study people without existing cardiovascular disease. More discontinued for adverse events: 16.6% versus 8.2%; safety collection was targeted.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
A. Michael Lincoff, Kirstine Brown-Frandsen, Helen M. Colhoun, John Deanfield, Scott S. Emerson, Sille Esbjerg, Søren Hardt-Lindberg, G. Kees Hovingh, Steven E. Kahn, Robert F. Kushner, Ildiko Lingvay, Tugce K. Oral, Marie M. Michelsen, Jorge Plutzky, Christoffer W. Tornøe, Donna H. Ryan
Funding and involvement
Novo Nordisk; designed the protocol with the academic steering committee.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
The article lists Novo Nordisk affiliations. Individual disclosure forms were not reviewed.

Terms explained

Combined outcome
Groups cardiovascular death, nonfatal heart attack or nonfatal stroke.
Percentage points
Difference between two percentages, not a percentage of body-weight loss.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

Losing weight and keeping it off are different questions

Adults with obesity or overweight who had received tirzepatide for 36 weeks.

What did they want to find out?

What happened over the next year with continuation or a switch to placebo?

What did researchers observe?

Continuation maintained more of the reduction; switching to placebo was accompanied by weight regain.

What does this mean for you?

The reference point for these percentages is the end of the initial phase.

What we still do not know

This is not a comparison of starting from zero and not an instruction to stop or continue.

Show study details

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial

JAMA · 2024

How it was studied

Double-blind randomized withdrawal trial: 36-week initial phase and 52-week comparison.. 670 adults without diabetes, selected from 783 who began the intervention..

Study finding

From week 36 to 88, weight changed −5.5% with continuation and +14.0% after switching to placebo.

Study limitations

Participants had already tolerated the initial phase; gastrointestinal symptoms were common. This does not predict everyone's starting experience.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Louis J. Aronne, Naveed Sattar, Deborah B. Horn, Harold E. Bays, Sean Wharton, Wen-Yuan Lin, Nadia N. Ahmad, Shuyu Zhang, Ran Liao, Mathijs C. Bunck, Irina Jouravskaya, Madhumita A. Murphy
Funding and involvement
Eli Lilly and Company; involved in design, conduct, analysis and manuscript, with no declared publication veto.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
Several authors disclosed Lilly employment and shares; others disclosed company fees or funding, including Lilly.

Terms explained

Initial phase
The period before random assignment when everyone received the intervention.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

A liver-fat signal, not proof of a cure

A subgroup of an obesity trial with fat in the liver.

What did they want to find out?

Did MRI-measured liver fat change at 24 weeks?

What did researchers observe?

The reduction was larger in retatrutide arms than with placebo.

What does this mean for you?

A relative percentage describes changing liver fat, not body-weight loss or a cure of liver damage.

What we still do not know

Missing scans and the absence of biopsies limit long-term conclusions.

Show study details

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial

Nature Medicine · 2024

How it was studied

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 substudy; liver MRI.. 98 participants with obesity and fatty liver, without diabetes; a subset of the obesity trial, not an independent new group..

Study finding

At 24 weeks, liver fat fell 42.9%–82.4% relative to baseline across separate treatment arms, versus +0.3% with placebo.

Study limitations

No biopsies or clinical liver outcomes. 56.1% of 48-week MRI scans were missing; authors consider findings exploratory.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Arun J. Sanyal, Lee M. Kaplan, Juan P. Frias, Bram Brouwers, Qiwei Wu, Melissa K. Thomas, Charles Harris, Nanette C. Schloot, Yu Du, Kieren J. Mather, Axel Haupt, Mark L. Hartman
Funding and involvement
Eli Lilly and Company; funder participated in design, data, analysis, interpretation and writing.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
Nine authors disclosed being Lilly employees and shareholders; others disclosed company relationships. This is not sponsor-independent evidence.

Terms explained

MRI
An imaging method used to estimate the amount of fat in the liver.
Substudy
An analysis of a group inside a larger trial, not a new independent population.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

Less fat inside the liver in a specific group

People living with HIV and fatty liver disease.

What did they want to find out?

Did liver fat change after 12 months compared with placebo?

What did researchers observe?

Tesamorelin produced a larger average reduction in liver fat.

What does this mean for you?

This measures fat inside the liver; it does not establish an equivalent reduction in total body fat.

What we still do not know

Not generalizable to people without HIV. The primary abstract was checked here, not every supplement or analysis.

Show study details

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial

The Lancet HIV · 2019

How it was studied

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial; main comparison over 12 months.. 61 people enrolled with HIV and fatty liver; 60 received intervention or placebo..

Study finding

The difference in liver-fat change was −4.1 percentage points versus placebo, corresponding to a 37% relative reduction.

Study limitations

Small, specific population. Local injection-site complaints were more common; the abstract does not settle individual safety or long-term liver outcomes.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Takara L. Stanley, Lindsay T. Fourman, Meghan N. Feldpausch, Julia Purdy, Isabel Zheng, Chelsea S. Pan, Julia Aepfelbacher, Colleen Buckless, Andrew Tsao, Anela Kellogg, Karen Branch, Hang Lee, Chia-Ying Liu, Kathleen E. Corey, Raymond T. Chung, Martin Torriani, David E. Kleiner, Colleen M. Hadigan, Steven K. Grinspoon
Funding and involvement
National Institutes of Health and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
Not confirmed from the accessed source: the indexed primary abstract was checked, not the full disclosure statement.

Terms explained

Hepatic fat fraction
The measured proportion of fat inside the liver.
Relative reduction
Change compared with the starting value; different from percentage points.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

Read beyond «well tolerated»

Six historical oral or intravenous AOD-9604 trials summarized in one article.

What did they want to find out?

What problems were recorded and which routes were studied?

What did researchers observe?

The overall account is favorable, but its body includes a possibly related serious event.

What does this mean for you?

Safety depends on formulation, route, duration and reporting quality; «not definitely related» does not mean «risk-free».

What we still do not know

This validates neither injecting it under the skin nor the quality of vial contents.

Show study details

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Safety and Tolerability of the Hexadecapeptide AOD9604 in Humans

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · 2013

How it was studied

One safety report combining six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials; oral and intravenous routes.. Approximately 900 participants across six trials according to the article; maximum treatment duration 24 weeks..

Study finding

The report describes tolerability generally similar to placebo. METAOD003 describes serious diarrhea as possibly related, despite the abstract's general assertion.

Study limitations

An internal discrepancy, not proof of causation. Subcutaneous administration and current vials were not studied; a safety report does not establish weight loss.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Heike Stier, Evert Vos, David Kenley
Funding and involvement
Metabolic Pharmaceuticals funded all six trials.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
Kenley disclosed a 6.9% interest in Calzada, owner of Metabolic Pharmaceuticals; Vos was a consultant and former medical director. Stier's employer consulted for the sponsor.

Terms explained

Possibly related
An event might be linked to the intervention, but causation was not established.
Intravenous route
Administration into a vein; not the same as under the skin.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

What moved in the lab?

Rat tendon cells and tissue outside the animal

What did they want to find out?

Did BPC-157 change repair-related cell behavior?

What did researchers observe?

The cells moved and grew out from tissue more readily, but the test did not show more direct cell multiplication.

What does this mean for you?

This helps explain a possible mechanism. It does not tell us whether a human injury heals faster.

What we still do not know

No injured people were treated in this experiment.

Show study details

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration

Journal of Applied Physiology · 2011

How it was studied

Laboratory study using rat tendon tissue and cultured cells. Rat Achilles tendon explants and fibroblasts; no human participants.

Study finding

BPC-157 increased cell outgrowth, survival under stress and migration; it did not directly increase cell proliferation in the MTT test.

Study limitations

Laboratory behavior is not proof that a person's tendon heals faster or returns to sport sooner.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Chung-Hsun Chang, Wen-Chung Tsai, Miao-Sui Lin, Ya-Hui Hsu, Jong-Hwei Su Pang
Funding and involvement
Article acknowledgments name support from the National Science Council of Taiwan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. This declaration has not been independently verified.

Terms explained

Fibroblast
A cell involved in making and maintaining connective tissue.
In vitro
An experiment outside a living body, such as cells in a dish.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

People reported less knee pain—but why?

One clinic; follow-up by telephone

What did they want to find out?

Did patients report improvement after BPC-157, alone or with TB4?

What did researchers observe?

Most reachable patients reported less pain.

What does this mean for you?

Without an untreated comparison group, natural improvement, other care and expectations cannot be separated from a drug effect.

What we still do not know

Pain relief is not evidence of cartilage regrowth; the combination does not prove TB-500 works.

Show study details

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain

Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine · 2021

How it was studied

Retrospective single-clinic case series without a comparison group. 17 patients; 16 reached by phone, usually 6–12 months after treatment.

Study finding

11 of 12 receiving BPC-157 alone and 3 of 4 receiving BPC-157 plus TB4 reported less knee pain.

Study limitations

Self-reported improvement without a control cannot show that BPC-157 caused it or rebuilt cartilage. TB4 in the combination is not verified as TB-500.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Edwin Lee, Blake Padgett
Funding and involvement
No named research funder confirmed from the accessed paper. It states that patients paid for their treatment.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
The authors declare no conflicts. The study took place at the treating clinic, the Institute for Hormonal Balance; results were not independently replicated here.

Terms explained

Retrospective
Researchers looked back at treatments already given.
Control group
A comparison group that helps show what would happen without the tested treatment.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

What was inside the analyzed sample?

A chemistry laboratory, not a treatment clinic

What did they want to find out?

Was the sample full thymosin beta-4 or a shorter fragment?

What did researchers observe?

Researchers identified an acetylated seven-amino-acid fragment.

What does this mean for you?

This is an identity result: it tells us about that sample, not whether taking it helps a person.

What we still do not know

The identity and quality of any current product were not tested.

Show study details

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential

Drug Testing and Analysis · 2012

How it was studied

Chemical identification and synthesis study. A TB-500-labeled laboratory sample and a synthesized reference peptide; no treated patients.

Study finding

The analyzed material contained Ac-LKKTETQ, an acetylated seven-amino-acid fragment of thymosin beta-4.

Study limitations

Identifying one sample does not prove human recovery benefits, current vial identity or quality. The fragment is not full-length thymosin beta-4.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Simone Esposito, Koen Deventer, Jan Goeman, Johan Van der Eycken, Peter Van Eenoo
Funding and involvement
Not confirmed from the accessed source sections.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
The authors list Ghent University laboratories. Formal author-interest declarations were not confirmed; university affiliation does not establish financial independence.

Terms explained

Fragment
A shorter part of a larger molecule.
Acetylated
Carrying a particular small chemical group; this can matter when comparing molecules.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

A breakdown product, not the same molecule

Serum outside the body, rats and cell dishes

What did they want to find out?

Did the parent fragment or its metabolites close a gap in a cell layer?

What did researchers observe?

Only Ac-LKKTE, a shorter breakdown product, clearly increased closure versus control.

What does this mean for you?

The active-looking signal may belong to a metabolite. That is a research hypothesis, not human healing evidence.

What we still do not know

No cell toxicity seen in an assay does not prove clinical safety.

Show study details

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro

Journal of Chromatography B · 2024

How it was studied

Laboratory metabolism and cell assay with rat urine experiments. Human serum outside the body, enzyme systems, rats and cultured fibroblasts; no human treatment trial.

Study finding

Only the shorter metabolite Ac-LKKTE significantly increased wound closure versus control in the cell assay; the parent fragment did not.

Study limitations

A gap closing in cultured cells does not establish healing or safety in a person. The metabolite is a different molecule from the parent fragment.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Khandoker Asiqur Rahaman, Anca Raluca Muresan, Hophil Min, Junghyun Son, Hyung-Seop Han, Min-Jung Kang, Oh-Seung Kwon
Funding and involvement
Not confirmed from the accessed abstract and metadata.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
Author affiliations include KIST and its university research school. Formal author interests and funder roles were not confirmed.

Terms explained

Metabolite
A substance made when another substance is broken down.
Wound-closure assay
A laboratory test of how cells fill a gap—not a person's healing wound.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

A short hormone pulse

Healthy men in a short intravenous research study

What did they want to find out?

What happened to ipamorelin and GH levels in the blood?

What did researchers observe?

Researchers observed a brief GH rise and measured how quickly ipamorelin left the bloodstream.

What does this mean for you?

A lab marker can change without improving strength, sleep or everyday recovery.

What we still do not know

Short exposure does not answer repeated-use or long-term safety questions.

Show study details

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers

Pharmaceutical Research · 1999

How it was studied

Short human pharmacokinetic and hormone-response study. Five intravenous exposure levels with eight healthy men at each level.

Study finding

Ipamorelin produced a brief GH pulse and had a reported terminal half-life of about two hours.

Study limitations

This measured substance levels and growth hormone, not strength, sleep or recovery. It does not establish long-term safety or equivalence of retail formulations.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
J. V. Gobburu, H. Agersø, W. J. Jusko, L. Ynddal
Funding and involvement
Not confirmed from the accessed source sections.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
The publisher lists Agersø and Ynddal at Novo Nordisk and Gobburu and Jusko at SUNY Buffalo. Company coauthorship is verified; formal conflict declarations were not confirmed.

Terms explained

GH
Growth hormone, one of the body's signaling hormones.
Half-life
The time for a measured substance level to fall by about half; not a recommended use interval.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

A real comparison with placebo

Patients recovering from bowel surgery

What did they want to find out?

Did ipamorelin help people tolerate a solid meal sooner?

What did researchers observe?

The numerical difference favored ipamorelin, but was not statistically convincing.

What does this mean for you?

A lower number alone does not show a reliable treatment effect.

What we still do not know

This surgical study does not answer bodybuilding or sleep claims; no significant difference does not prove the treatments equal.

Show study details

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients

International Journal of Colorectal Disease · 2014

How it was studied

Multicenter double-blind randomized placebo-controlled phase-2 trial. 117 bowel-surgery patients enrolled; 114 in safety and modified intention-to-treat analyses.

Study finding

Median time to tolerating a solid meal was 25.3 versus 32.6 hours with placebo; the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.15).

Study limitations

No significant difference in key or secondary efficacy outcomes. Adverse events occurred frequently in both surgical groups; this is not proof of safety equivalence or sports benefits.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
David E. Beck, W. Brian Sweeney, Martin D. McCarter, Ipamorelin 201 Study Group
Funding and involvement
Helsinn Therapeutics (US), Inc. supported the study, gave institutional grants and supported manuscript development.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
Authors declare no financial or proprietary conflicts; they separately disclose institutional Helsinn grants. The Curry Rockefeller Group provided editorial/production assistance; sponsor publication-control terms are unknown.

Terms explained

Placebo
A comparison treatment without the tested active substance.
Statistically significant
Evidence that a difference is difficult to explain by chance under a study's assumptions; it does not automatically mean a useful benefit.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

The human trial was DAC, not No-DAC

Healthy adults in two short trials of long-acting CJC-1295

What did they want to find out?

Did the long-acting compound raise GH and IGF-I?

What did researchers observe?

It raised both measured hormones and persisted for days.

What does this mean for you?

This is evidence about the DAC-development compound's hormone effects, not this catalog's No-DAC preparation.

What we still do not know

No-DAC fitness benefits or a days-long half-life cannot be inferred from this trial.

Show study details

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · 2006

How it was studied

Two randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials of long-acting CJC-1295 with DAC. Healthy adults aged 21–61; trial durations 28 and 49 days; total count not supplied in the accessed abstract.

Study finding

The long-acting compound raised GH and IGF-I; reported half-life was 5.8–8.1 days.

Study limitations

Related DAC evidence, not direct No-DAC evidence. Hormone increases do not demonstrate improved fitness, sleep or injury recovery; short follow-up cannot establish long-term safety.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Sam L. Teichman, Ann Neale, Betty Lawrence, Catherine Gagnon, Jean-Paul Castaigne, Lawrence A. Frohman
Funding and involvement
Not confirmed from the accessed abstract and publisher author sections.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
Lawrence, Gagnon and Castaigne list ConjuChem; Teichman and Neale list WinPharm; Frohman lists University of Illinois. Commercial coauthorship is disclosed; formal individual interests and sponsor roles were not confirmed.

Terms explained

DAC
Drug Affinity Complex: a modification used in the long-acting development compound.
IGF-I
A growth-related blood marker; a rise is not proof of better fitness.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

One name can hide different preparations

Chemical analysis of one seized preparation

What did they want to find out?

What structural features did the material have?

What did researchers observe?

It contained a 29-amino-acid peptide with a terminal amide.

What does this mean for you?

Naming something CJC-1295 is not enough to establish that it matches a clinical-trial compound.

What we still do not know

This was not a human trial and does not verify a current No-DAC vial.

Show study details

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Identification of CJC-1295, a growth-hormone-releasing peptide, in an unknown pharmaceutical preparation

Drug Testing and Analysis · 2010

How it was studied

Laboratory chemical identification using mass spectrometry. One unknown preparation submitted after seizure in 2009; no patient treatment.

Study finding

The preparation contained a 29-amino-acid peptide with a terminal amide, consistent with material marketed as CJC-1295.

Study limitations

This establishes an analyzed sample's structural features, not human benefit or the identity of today's No-DAC products. Complete sequence is not supplied in the accessed abstract.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
John Henninge, Milaim Pepaj, Ingunn Hullstein, Peter Hemmersbach
Funding and involvement
Not confirmed from the accessed source sections.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
Authors list the Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital. Police/customs requested analysis; that request is not an identified funding grant. Formal author interests were not confirmed.

Terms explained

Mass spectrometry
A laboratory method used to investigate what a molecule is.
Terminal amide
A chemical feature at one end of a peptide.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

Child growth is not an adult fitness result

Children diagnosed with growth-hormone deficiency

What did they want to find out?

Did height-growth rate change during GHRH(1–29) therapy?

What did researchers observe?

Average height-growth rate increased in the children analyzed.

What does this mean for you?

The result is relevant to that diagnosed childhood condition, not general body enhancement.

What we still do not know

There was no randomized comparison, and the analyzed group was smaller than the enrolled group.

Show study details

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Once daily subcutaneous growth hormone-releasing hormone therapy accelerates growth in growth hormone-deficient children during the first year of therapy. Geref International Study Group.

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · 1996

How it was studied

Multicenter open-label pediatric study without a randomized control. 110 previously untreated children with GH deficiency; 86 eligible for efficacy analysis.

Study finding

Mean height-growth rate rose from 4.1 cm/year before treatment to 8.0 at six months and 7.2 at twelve months.

Study limitations

Children with a diagnosed deficiency are not healthy adults. This does not show adult muscle gain, better sleep or a verified retail product's effects.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
M. Thorner, P. Rochiccioli, M. Colle, R. Lanes, J. Grunt, A. Galazka, H. Landy, P. Eengrand, S. Shah
Funding and involvement
Not confirmed from the accessed abstract and metadata.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
The record lists University of Virginia and the Geref International Study Group. These labels alone do not identify a sponsor; formal author interests were not confirmed.

Terms explained

GH deficiency
A medical condition involving insufficient growth hormone.
Open-label
Participants and researchers know which treatment is given.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

More nighttime GH, unchanged body composition

Eleven older men studied before and after six weeks

What did they want to find out?

Did hormone changes lead to more muscle or less fat?

What did researchers observe?

Nighttime GH increased, but measured muscle and fat did not; some strength tests improved.

What does this mean for you?

A hormone response and a physical benefit are different outcomes.

What we still do not know

A small uncontrolled study with several tests cannot establish a general adult benefit or retail-product equivalence.

Show study details

Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Effects of single nightly injections of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29) in healthy elderly men

Metabolism · 1997

How it was studied

Uncontrolled before-and-after GHRH(1–29) study lasting six weeks. Eleven men aged 64–76 with low baseline IGF-I.

Study finding

Nighttime GH rose, but IGF-I and measured muscle/fat composition did not. Some strength tests improved.

Study limitations

Small sample, no control and multiple outcomes prevent a general fitness conclusion. Related GHRH(1–29) research is not verification of a current sermorelin vial.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
J. Vittone, M. R. Blackman, J. Busby-Whitehead, C. Tsiao, K. J. Stewart, J. Tobin, T. Stevens, M. F. Bellantoni, M. A. Rogers, G. Baumann, J. Roth, S. M. Harman, R. G. Spencer
Funding and involvement
PubMed lists NIH support through the National Center for Research Resources and National Institute on Aging.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
The record lists Johns Hopkins University. Formal author-interest statements and possible additional funding were not confirmed; public grants do not prove absence of commercial ties.

Terms explained

Body composition
How body weight is distributed among tissues such as muscle and fat.
Before-and-after study
The same people are measured before and after; changes can also have other explanations.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

Epitalon and telomere maintenance in cells

Normal human cells and breast cancer cells; no patients

What did they want to find out?

Does Epitalon change the ends of DNA in cells?

What did researchers observe?

Telomere length and the pathways used to maintain it changed.

What does this mean for you?

This is a biological clue, not a health outcome in people.

What we still do not know

Cell types had different exposures. No proof of rejuvenation or clinical cancer safety; figures corrected in 2025.

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Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Epitalon and telomere maintenance in cells

Biogerontology · 2025

How it was studied

Laboratory experiment in cultured cells. Normal human cells and breast cancer cells; no patients.

Study finding

Telomere length and the pathways used to maintain it changed.

Study limitations

Cell types had different exposures. No proof of rejuvenation or clinical cancer safety; figures corrected in 2025.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Sarah Al-dulaimi, Ross Thomas, Sheila Matta, Terry Roberts
Funding and involvement
Self-funded students and Brunel's Biosciences Department.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
Authors declare no conflicts; Peptides of London donated material and UK Peptides is named as a supplier.

Terms explained

Telomere
Protective end of a chromosome.
Marker
A measurement that can change without a person improving.

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Research context

Epitalon in an older retinal report

Rats and people with retinitis pigmentosa; sizes not confirmed

What did they want to find out?

What did the report describe about an eye disease?

What did researchers observe?

The report describes favourable retinal observations, but its abstract is insufficient to judge the clinical effect.

What does this mean for you?

Including patients in a report does not guarantee a reliable comparison.

What we still do not know

Insufficient accessible detail about groups, controls or response. It did not study longevity.

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Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Epitalon in an older retinal report

Neuroendocrinology Letters · 2002

How it was studied

Mixed animal and patient report; abstract only. Rats and people with retinitis pigmentosa; sizes not confirmed.

Study finding

The report describes favourable retinal observations, but its abstract is insufficient to judge the clinical effect.

Study limitations

Insufficient accessible detail about groups, controls or response. It did not study longevity.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Vladimir Khavinson, Michael Razumovsky, Svetlana Trofimova, Roman Grigorian, Anna Razumovskaya
Funding and involvement
Not confirmed from the accessed source.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
Not confirmed from the accessed source; this does not mean no interests exist.

Terms explained

Retinitis pigmentosa
A disease that progressively damages the retina.
Abstract
A short account without all of the study's details.

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Research context

What happens to NAD+ during an infusion

11 men: 8 received NAD+ and 3 saline

What did they want to find out?

Where does NAD+ appear after an infusion?

What did researchers observe?

NAD+ and related products were measured in blood and urine over eight hours.

What does this mean for you?

Tracking molecules explains processing; it does not demonstrate feeling better.

What we still do not know

No everyday-energy, memory or lifespan outcome; no brain uptake or long-term safety measurement.

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Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

What happens to NAD+ during an infusion

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · 2019

How it was studied

Pilot with a saline-control group. 11 men: 8 received NAD+ and 3 saline.

Study finding

NAD+ and related products were measured in blood and urine over eight hours.

Study limitations

No everyday-energy, memory or lifespan outcome; no brain uptake or long-term safety measurement.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Ross Grant, Jade Berg, Richard Mestayer, Nady Braidy, James Bennett, Susan Broom, James Watson
Funding and involvement
NAD+ Research Inc. and Australasian Research Institute; Archway donated NAD+.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
Mestayer was NAD+ Research director and Springfield medical director; Broom received consulting fees.

Terms explained

Plasma
The liquid part of blood.
Metabolite
A product formed when a substance is transformed.

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Research context

Tolerability of NAD+ and NR infusions

6 NAD+ clients and 8 NR clients; 30-day follow-up

What did they want to find out?

How did clients feel during the infusions?

What did researchers observe?

All six NAD+ clients reported moderate or severe symptoms during infusions.

What does this mean for you?

No documented 'adverse events' does not mean there was no discomfort.

What we still do not know

No random allocation or placebo; NR is not NAD+. Text and a figure caption disagree about ALP.

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Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Tolerability of NAD+ and NR infusions

Frontiers in Aging · 2026

How it was studied

Retrospective commercial-record review. 6 NAD+ clients and 8 NR clients; 30-day follow-up.

Study finding

All six NAD+ clients reported moderate or severe symptoms during infusions.

Study limitations

No random allocation or placebo; NR is not NAD+. Text and a figure caption disagree about ALP.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Kirsten Reyna, Greer Heinzen, Nikita Patel, Marie Ritter, Alexandra Siojo, Henry Legere, Rachele Pojednic
Funding and involvement
Restore Hyper Wellness; Niagen Biosciences donated NR.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
All seven authors disclosed Restore employment. Corporate involvement was not independently verified.

Terms explained

Retrospective
A study of records that already existed.
Precursor
A substance the body can use to make another.

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Research context

MOTS-c: human exercise and mouse experiments

10 young men exercised; other tests used mice and cells

What did they want to find out?

Does MOTS-c change with exercise, and what happens when mice receive it?

What did researchers observe?

Natural MOTS-c changed with exercise; administering the peptide improved some mouse performance tests.

What does this mean for you?

Natural human measurements and animal administration answer different questions.

What we still do not know

No human participant received MOTS-c. Overall mouse survival was not conclusive.

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Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

MOTS-c: human exercise and mouse experiments

Nature Communications · 2021

How it was studied

Human measurement and separate preclinical experiments. 10 young men exercised; other tests used mice and cells.

Study finding

Natural MOTS-c changed with exercise; administering the peptide improved some mouse performance tests.

Study limitations

No human participant received MOTS-c. Overall mouse survival was not conclusive.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Joseph C. Reynolds, Rochelle W. Lai, Jonathan S. T. Woodhead, James H. Joly, Cameron J. Mitchell, Ryan Lu, Nicholas A. Graham, Bérénice A. Benayoun, David Cameron-Smith, Pinchas Cohen, Troy L. Merry, Changhan Lee
Funding and involvement
NIA, AFAR, USC and other fellowships and foundations; full list in the article.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
Cohen and Lee disclosed CohBar consultancy and shares; that alone is not corporate funding.

Terms explained

Endogenous
Made by the body itself.
Preclinical
Research before a treatment effect is demonstrated in people.

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Research context

TESTS: Thymosin Alpha-1 alongside sepsis care

1,106 adults with sepsis at 22 Chinese centres

What did they want to find out?

Were deaths prevented by adding the peptide to hospital care?

What did researchers observe?

The corrected 28-day mortality result showed no clear reduction: HR 0.97, interval 0.76–1.24.

What does this mean for you?

The main result does not offer a clear reduction. A large trial can have a negative result.

What we still do not know

Survival and immune data were corrected. Hospital population only; no proof of benefits in healthy people.

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Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

TESTS: Thymosin Alpha-1 alongside sepsis care

The BMJ · 2025

How it was studied

Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. 1,106 adults with sepsis at 22 Chinese centres.

Study finding

The corrected 28-day mortality result showed no clear reduction: HR 0.97, interval 0.76–1.24.

Study limitations

Survival and immune data were corrected. Hospital population only; no proof of benefits in healthy people.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Jianfeng Wu, Fei Pei, Lixin Zhou, Xiangdong Guan, Kar Keung Cheng, TESTS study collaborator group
Funding and involvement
Not reconfirmed from the accessed source in this check.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
Not reconfirmed from the accessed source; do not interpret this as absence of commercial interests.

Terms explained

Sepsis
A severe response to infection that can damage organs.
Confidence interval
Range of effects compatible with the data; here it includes no effect.

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Research context

ETASS: an earlier severe-sepsis trial

361 hospitalised patients with severe sepsis

What did they want to find out?

Did this earlier trial prove a survival advantage?

What did researchers observe?

The simple mortality comparison was inconclusive; a time-to-death analysis was only just significant.

What does this mean for you?

The difference depends on the analysis and remains uncertain.

What we still do not know

Analyses did not agree fully; immune-marker changes do not establish a general benefit.

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Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

ETASS: an earlier severe-sepsis trial

Critical Care · 2013

How it was studied

Randomised trial with patient blinding. 361 hospitalised patients with severe sepsis.

Study finding

The simple mortality comparison was inconclusive; a time-to-death analysis was only just significant.

Study limitations

Analyses did not agree fully; immune-marker changes do not establish a general benefit.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Jianfeng Wu, Lixin Zhou, Jiyun Liu, Gang Ma, Qiuye Kou, Zhijie He, Juan Chen, Bin Ou-Yang, Minying Chen, Yinan Li, Xiaoqin Wu, Baochun Gu, Lei Chen, Zijun Zou, Xinhua Qiang, Yuanyuan Chen, Aihua Lin, Guanrong Zhang, Xiangdong Guan
Funding and involvement
Sun Yat-sen Program 5010 and two Guangdong research foundations.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
Authors declare no conflicts. SciClone is named as manufacturer, not established as this trial's funder.

Terms explained

Surrogate marker
A measurement used as a clue, not the patient's final benefit.
Blinding
Keeping treatment allocation hidden to reduce bias.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

GHK-Cu in experimental rat wounds

Rats in several experimental groups; no human participants

What did they want to find out?

Did experimental wound tissue change?

What did researchers observe?

Treated wound chambers accumulated more tissue matrix, including collagen.

What does this mean for you?

More collagen in a rat chamber does not demonstrate better skin in a person.

What we still do not know

A rat-wound measurement does not demonstrate a human cosmetic benefit; GLOW was not tested.

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Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

GHK-Cu in experimental rat wounds

Journal of Clinical Investigation · 1993

How it was studied

Animal experiment using wound chambers. Rats in several experimental groups; no human participants.

Study finding

Treated wound chambers accumulated more tissue matrix, including collagen.

Study limitations

A rat-wound measurement does not demonstrate a human cosmetic benefit; GLOW was not tested.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
François-Xavier Maquart, Georges Bellon, Brahim Chaqour, Janusz Wegrowski, Leonard M. Patt, Ronald E. Trachy, Jean-Claude Monboisse, François Chastang, Philippe Birembaut, Philippe Gillery, Jacques-Paul Borel
Funding and involvement
CNRS, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne and ProCyte.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
ProCyte supplied GHK-Cu; Patt and Trachy have ProCyte affiliations in the paper.

Terms explained

Collagen
A protein providing tissue structure.
Matrix
A network of materials surrounding and supporting cells.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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Research context

Topical GHK-Cu after laser resurfacing

13 patients completed the trial after CO2 laser treatment

What did they want to find out?

Did adding GHK-Cu improve skin after laser treatment?

What did researchers observe?

No clear between-group difference was detected on objective measures; satisfaction was higher with the GHK-Cu product.

What does this mean for you?

Greater satisfaction and better objective measurements are different outcomes.

What we still do not know

Small sample and abstract-only access. Neither injections nor GLOW were tested.

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Original sources checked on 4 October 2026. AI-assisted editorial summaries, not a systematic review or an independent medical assessment.

Topical GHK-Cu after laser resurfacing

Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery · 2006

How it was studied

Randomised trial; abstract check. 13 patients completed the trial after CO2 laser treatment.

Study finding

No clear between-group difference was detected on objective measures; satisfaction was higher with the GHK-Cu product.

Study limitations

Small sample and abstract-only access. Neither injections nor GLOW were tested.

Who is behind the study?

Identified authors
Timothy R. Miller, Jon D. Wagner, Bret R. Baack, Karl J. Eisbach
Funding and involvement
Not confirmed from the accessed source.
Disclosed interests and verification limits
Not confirmed from the accessed source; the research-support index does not identify the funder.

Terms explained

Objective
Assessed with measurements or evaluators, not only opinion.
Topical
Applied to the skin's surface.

Read the source and its limitations. A reference does not automatically validate a commercial product.

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